feat(ctb): Rework FaultDisputeGame resolution

Initial changes to the FDG resolution function to be incentive compatible
with bonds.

packages/contracts-bedrock/.gas-snapshot

@@ -88,39 +88,45 @@ FaucetTest:test_nonAdmin_drip_fails() (gas: 262520)
 FaucetTest:test_receive_succeeds() (gas: 17401)
 FaucetTest:test_withdraw_nonAdmin_reverts() (gas: 13145)
 FaucetTest:test_withdraw_succeeds() (gas: 78359)
-FaultDisputeGame_ResolvesCorrectly_CorrectRoot1:test_resolvesCorrectly_succeeds() (gas: 499197)
-FaultDisputeGame_ResolvesCorrectly_CorrectRoot2:test_resolvesCorrectly_succeeds() (gas: 506057)
-FaultDisputeGame_ResolvesCorrectly_CorrectRoot3:test_resolvesCorrectly_succeeds() (gas: 502738)
-FaultDisputeGame_ResolvesCorrectly_CorrectRoot4:test_resolvesCorrectly_succeeds() (gas: 505955)
-FaultDisputeGame_ResolvesCorrectly_CorrectRoot5:test_resolvesCorrectly_succeeds() (gas: 505224)
-FaultDisputeGame_ResolvesCorrectly_IncorrectRoot1:test_resolvesCorrectly_succeeds() (gas: 497962)
-FaultDisputeGame_ResolvesCorrectly_IncorrectRoot2:test_resolvesCorrectly_succeeds() (gas: 504822)
-FaultDisputeGame_ResolvesCorrectly_IncorrectRoot3:test_resolvesCorrectly_succeeds() (gas: 501503)
-FaultDisputeGame_ResolvesCorrectly_IncorrectRoot4:test_resolvesCorrectly_succeeds() (gas: 502720)
-FaultDisputeGame_ResolvesCorrectly_IncorrectRoot5:test_resolvesCorrectly_succeeds() (gas: 501989)
-FaultDisputeGame_Test:test_addLocalData_static_succeeds() (gas: 640504)
+FaultDisputeGame_ResolvesCorrectly_CorrectRoot1:test_resolvesCorrectly_succeeds() (gas: 660411)
+FaultDisputeGame_ResolvesCorrectly_CorrectRoot2:test_resolvesCorrectly_succeeds() (gas: 667293)
+FaultDisputeGame_ResolvesCorrectly_CorrectRoot3:test_resolvesCorrectly_succeeds() (gas: 663974)
+FaultDisputeGame_ResolvesCorrectly_CorrectRoot4:test_resolvesCorrectly_succeeds() (gas: 667169)
+FaultDisputeGame_ResolvesCorrectly_CorrectRoot5:test_resolvesCorrectly_succeeds() (gas: 666460)
+FaultDisputeGame_ResolvesCorrectly_IncorrectRoot1:test_resolvesCorrectly_succeeds() (gas: 653092)
+FaultDisputeGame_ResolvesCorrectly_IncorrectRoot2:test_resolvesCorrectly_succeeds() (gas: 658598)
+FaultDisputeGame_ResolvesCorrectly_IncorrectRoot3:test_resolvesCorrectly_succeeds() (gas: 655943)
+FaultDisputeGame_ResolvesCorrectly_IncorrectRoot4:test_resolvesCorrectly_succeeds() (gas: 656899)
+FaultDisputeGame_ResolvesCorrectly_IncorrectRoot5:test_resolvesCorrectly_succeeds() (gas: 656332)
+FaultDisputeGame_Test:test_addLocalData_static_succeeds() (gas: 640567)
 FaultDisputeGame_Test:test_createdAt_succeeds() (gas: 10342)
-FaultDisputeGame_Test:test_extraData_succeeds() (gas: 32377)
-FaultDisputeGame_Test:test_gameData_succeeds() (gas: 32804)
-FaultDisputeGame_Test:test_gameType_succeeds() (gas: 8309)
-FaultDisputeGame_Test:test_initialize_correctData_succeeds() (gas: 57628)
-FaultDisputeGame_Test:test_initialize_firstOutput_reverts() (gas: 210629)
-FaultDisputeGame_Test:test_initialize_l1HeadTooOld_reverts() (gas: 228390)
-FaultDisputeGame_Test:test_move_clockCorrectness_succeeds() (gas: 415971)
-FaultDisputeGame_Test:test_move_clockTimeExceeded_reverts() (gas: 23197)
-FaultDisputeGame_Test:test_move_defendRoot_reverts() (gas: 13344)
-FaultDisputeGame_Test:test_move_duplicateClaim_reverts() (gas: 102898)
-FaultDisputeGame_Test:test_move_gameDepthExceeded_reverts() (gas: 407913)
+FaultDisputeGame_Test:test_extraData_succeeds() (gas: 32355)
+FaultDisputeGame_Test:test_gameData_succeeds() (gas: 32782)
+FaultDisputeGame_Test:test_gameType_succeeds() (gas: 8265)
+FaultDisputeGame_Test:test_initialize_correctData_succeeds() (gas: 57739)
+FaultDisputeGame_Test:test_initialize_firstOutput_reverts() (gas: 210563)
+FaultDisputeGame_Test:test_initialize_l1HeadTooOld_reverts() (gas: 228368)
+FaultDisputeGame_Test:test_move_clockCorrectness_succeeds() (gas: 594268)
+FaultDisputeGame_Test:test_move_clockTimeExceeded_reverts() (gas: 23175)
+FaultDisputeGame_Test:test_move_defendRoot_reverts() (gas: 13366)
+FaultDisputeGame_Test:test_move_duplicateClaim_reverts() (gas: 147389)
+FaultDisputeGame_Test:test_move_duplicateClaimsDifferentSubgames_succeeds() (gas: 556885)
+FaultDisputeGame_Test:test_move_gameDepthExceeded_reverts() (gas: 585897)
 FaultDisputeGame_Test:test_move_gameNotInProgress_reverts() (gas: 11002)
-FaultDisputeGame_Test:test_move_nonExistentParent_reverts() (gas: 24710)
-FaultDisputeGame_Test:test_move_simpleAttack_succeeds() (gas: 107384)
-FaultDisputeGame_Test:test_resolve_challengeContested_succeeds() (gas: 224949)
-FaultDisputeGame_Test:test_resolve_notInProgress_reverts() (gas: 9686)
-FaultDisputeGame_Test:test_resolve_rootContested_succeeds() (gas: 109879)
-FaultDisputeGame_Test:test_resolve_rootUncontestedClockNotExpired_succeeds() (gas: 21421)
-FaultDisputeGame_Test:test_resolve_rootUncontested_succeeds() (gas: 27279)
-FaultDisputeGame_Test:test_resolve_teamDeathmatch_succeeds() (gas: 395658)
-FaultDisputeGame_Test:test_rootClaim_succeeds() (gas: 8276)
+FaultDisputeGame_Test:test_move_nonExistentParent_reverts() (gas: 24666)
+FaultDisputeGame_Test:test_move_simpleAttack_succeeds() (gas: 151959)
+FaultDisputeGame_Test:test_resolve_challengeContested_succeeds() (gas: 269413)
+FaultDisputeGame_Test:test_resolve_claimAlreadyResolved_reverts() (gas: 272356)
+FaultDisputeGame_Test:test_resolve_claimAtMaxDepthAlreadyResolved_reverts() (gas: 586672)
+FaultDisputeGame_Test:test_resolve_notInProgress_reverts() (gas: 9732)
+FaultDisputeGame_Test:test_resolve_outOfOrderResolution_reverts() (gas: 309037)
+FaultDisputeGame_Test:test_resolve_rootContested_succeeds() (gas: 139044)
+FaultDisputeGame_Test:test_resolve_rootUncontestedButUnresolved_reverts() (gas: 15883)
+FaultDisputeGame_Test:test_resolve_rootUncontestedClockNotExpired_succeeds() (gas: 18406)
+FaultDisputeGame_Test:test_resolve_rootUncontested_succeeds() (gas: 51409)
+FaultDisputeGame_Test:test_resolve_stepReached_succeeds() (gas: 498476)
+FaultDisputeGame_Test:test_resolve_teamDeathmatch_succeeds() (gas: 443373)
+FaultDisputeGame_Test:test_rootClaim_succeeds() (gas: 8232)
 FeeVault_Test:test_constructor_succeeds() (gas: 18185)
 GasBenchMark_L1CrossDomainMessenger:test_sendMessage_benchmark_0() (gas: 354421)
 GasBenchMark_L1CrossDomainMessenger:test_sendMessage_benchmark_1() (gas: 2952628)

packages/contracts-bedrock/semver-lock.json

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
   "src/L2/L2StandardBridge.sol": "0xfe01bcb1ddc947b9b8a7093d0971854b9fa8d49da5bd933a3dd106167907f882",
   "src/L2/L2ToL1MessagePasser.sol": "0xafc710b4d320ef450586d96a61cbd58cac814cb3b0c4fdc280eace3efdcdf321",
   "src/L2/SequencerFeeVault.sol": "0xc2f733c1128d06ad60bf1e1d98c8f684a4825b11875ccdf2376ede33f5aad4e6",
-  "src/dispute/FaultDisputeGame.sol": "0x7b8462c29d003e96a73491c644001e1a9034bcc45c5be2a7bac3caf80d521635",
+  "src/dispute/FaultDisputeGame.sol": "0x76e7c16431faa32e2074e6abdfe3e86f5ec90b4ac8a6b662edba8c3ce791ad80",
   "src/legacy/DeployerWhitelist.sol": "0xf2129ec3da75307ba8e21bc943c332bb04704642e6e263149b5c8ee92dbcb7a8",
   "src/legacy/L1BlockNumber.sol": "0x30aae1fc85103476af0226b6e98c71c01feebbdc35d93401390b1ad438a37be6",
   "src/legacy/LegacyMessagePasser.sol": "0x5c08b0a663cc49d30e4e38540f6aefab19ef287c3ecd31c8d8c3decd5f5bd497",

packages/contracts-bedrock/src/dispute/FaultDisputeGame.sol

@@ -75,6 +75,12 @@ contract FaultDisputeGame is IFaultDisputeGame, Clone, Semver {
     /// @notice An internal mapping to allow for constant-time lookups of existing claims.
     mapping(ClaimHash => bool) internal claims;
 
+    /// @notice An internal mapping of subgames rooted at a claim index to other claim indices in the subgame.
+    mapping(uint256 => uint256[]) internal subgames;
+
+    /// @notice Indicates whether the subgame rooted at the root claim has been resolved.
+    bool internal subgameAtRootResolved;
+
     /// @param _gameType The type ID of the game.
     /// @param _absolutePrestate The absolute prestate of the instruction trace.
     /// @param _maxGameDepth The maximum depth of bisection.
@@ -232,9 +238,10 @@ contract FaultDisputeGame is IFaultDisputeGame, Clone, Semver {
         // Construct the next clock with the new duration and the current block timestamp.
         Clock nextClock = LibClock.wrap(nextDuration, Timestamp.wrap(uint64(block.timestamp)));
 
-        // INVARIANT: A claim may only exist at a given position once. Multiple claims may exist
-        //            at the same position, however they must have different values.
-        ClaimHash claimHash = _claim.hashClaimPos(nextPosition);
+        // INVARIANT: There cannot be multiple identical claims with identical moves on the same challengeIndex. Multiple
+        // claims
+        //            at the same position may dispute the same challengeIndex. However, the must have different values.
+        ClaimHash claimHash = _claim.hashClaimPos(nextPosition, _challengeIndex);
         if (claims[claimHash]) revert ClaimAlreadyExists();
         claims[claimHash] = true;
 
@@ -252,6 +259,9 @@ contract FaultDisputeGame is IFaultDisputeGame, Clone, Semver {
         // Set the parent claim as countered.
         claimData[_challengeIndex].countered = true;
 
+        // Update the subgame rooted at the parent claim.
+        subgames[_challengeIndex].push(claimData.length - 1);
+
         // Emit the appropriate event for the attack or defense.
         emit Move(_challengeIndex, _claim, msg.sender);
     }
@@ -348,67 +358,64 @@ contract FaultDisputeGame is IFaultDisputeGame, Clone, Semver {
         // INVARIANT: Resolution cannot occur unless the game is currently in progress.
         if (status != GameStatus.IN_PROGRESS) revert GameNotInProgress();
 
-        // Search for the left-most dangling non-bottom node
-        // The most recent claim is always a dangling, non-bottom node so we start with that
-        uint256 leftMostIndex = claimData.length - 1;
-        uint256 leftMostTraceIndex = type(uint128).max;
-        for (uint256 i = leftMostIndex; i < type(uint64).max;) {
-            // Fetch the claim at the current index.
-            ClaimData storage claim = claimData[i];
+        // INVARIANT: Resolution cannot occur unless the absolute root subgame has been resolved.
+        if (!subgameAtRootResolved) revert OutOfOrderResolution();
 
-            // Decrement the loop counter; If it underflows, we've reached the root
-            // claim and can stop searching.
-            unchecked {
-                --i;
+        status_ = claimData[0].countered ? GameStatus.CHALLENGER_WINS : GameStatus.DEFENDER_WINS;
+        emit Resolved(status = status_);
     }
 
-            // INVARIANT: A claim can never be considered as the leftMostIndex or leftMostTraceIndex
-            //            if it has been countered.
-            if (claim.countered) continue;
-
-            // If the claim is a dangling node, we can check if it is the left-most
-            // dangling node we've come across so far. If it is, we can update the
-            // left-most trace index.
-            uint256 traceIndex = claim.position.traceIndex(MAX_GAME_DEPTH);
-            if (traceIndex < leftMostTraceIndex) {
-                leftMostTraceIndex = traceIndex;
-                unchecked {
-                    leftMostIndex = i + 1;
-                }
-            }
-        }
+    /// @inheritdoc IFaultDisputeGame
+    function resolveClaim(uint256 _claimIndex) external payable {
+        // INVARIANT: Resolution cannot occur unless the game is currently in progress.
+        if (status != GameStatus.IN_PROGRESS) revert GameNotInProgress();
 
-        // Create a reference to the left most uncontested claim and its parent.
-        ClaimData storage leftMostUncontested = claimData[leftMostIndex];
+        ClaimData storage parent = claimData[_claimIndex];
 
-        // INVARIANT: The game may never be resolved unless the clock of the left-most uncontested
-        //            claim's parent has expired. If the left-most uncontested claim is the root
-        //            claim, it is uncountered, and we check if 3.5 days has passed since its
-        //            creation.
-        uint256 parentIndex = leftMostUncontested.parentIndex;
-        Clock opposingClock = parentIndex == type(uint32).max ? leftMostUncontested.clock : claimData[parentIndex].clock;
+        // INVARIANT: Cannot resolve a subgame unless the clock of its root has expired
         if (
-            Duration.unwrap(opposingClock.duration()) + (block.timestamp - Timestamp.unwrap(opposingClock.timestamp()))
+            Duration.unwrap(parent.clock.duration()) + (block.timestamp - Timestamp.unwrap(parent.clock.timestamp()))
                 <= Duration.unwrap(GAME_DURATION) >> 1
         ) {
             revert ClockNotExpired();
         }
 
-        // If the left-most dangling node is at an even depth, the defender wins.
-        // Otherwise, the challenger wins and the root claim is deemed invalid.
-        if (
-            leftMostUncontested
-                .position
-                // slither-disable-next-line weak-prng
-                .depth() % 2 == 0 && leftMostTraceIndex != type(uint128).max
-        ) {
-            status_ = GameStatus.DEFENDER_WINS;
-        } else {
-            status_ = GameStatus.CHALLENGER_WINS;
+        uint256[] storage challengeIndices = subgames[_claimIndex];
+
+        // INVARIANT: Cannot resolve subgames twice
+        // Uncontested claims are resolved implicitly unless they are the root claim
+        if (_claimIndex == 0 && subgameAtRootResolved) revert ClaimAlreadyResolved();
+        if (challengeIndices.length == 0 && _claimIndex != 0) revert ClaimAlreadyResolved();
+
+        // Assume parent is honest until proven otherwise
+        bool countered = false;
+
+        for (uint256 i = 0; i < challengeIndices.length; ++i) {
+            uint256 challengeIndex = challengeIndices[i];
+
+            // INVARIANT: Cannot resolve a subgame containing an unresolved claim
+            if (subgames[challengeIndex].length != 0) revert OutOfOrderResolution();
+
+            ClaimData storage claim = claimData[challengeIndex];
+
+            // Ignore false claims
+            if (!claim.countered) {
+                countered = true;
+                break;
+            }
         }
 
-        // Update the game status
-        emit Resolved(status = status_);
+        // Once a subgame is resolved, we percolate the result up the DAG so subsequent calls to
+        // resolveClaim will not need to traverse this subgame.
+        parent.countered = countered;
+
+        // Resolved subgames have no entries
+        delete subgames[_claimIndex];
+
+        // Indicate the game is ready to be resolved
+        if (_claimIndex == 0) {
+            subgameAtRootResolved = true;
+        }
     }
 
     /// @inheritdoc IDisputeGame

packages/contracts-bedrock/src/dispute/interfaces/IFaultDisputeGame.sol

@@ -73,6 +73,14 @@ interface IFaultDisputeGame is IDisputeGame {
     /// @param _partOffset The offset of the data to post.
     function addLocalData(uint256 _ident, uint256 _partOffset) external;
 
+    /// @notice Resolves the subgame rooted at the given claim index.
+    /// @dev This function must be called bottom-up in the DAG
+    ///      A subgame is a tree of claims that has a maximum depth of 1.
+    ///      A subgame root claims is valid if, and only if, all of its child claims are invalid.
+    ///      At the deepest level in the DAG, a claim is invalid if there's a successful step against it.
+    /// @param _claimIndex The index of the subgame root claim to resolve.
+    function resolveClaim(uint256 _claimIndex) external payable;
+
     /// @notice An L1 block hash that contains the disputed output root, fetched from the
     ///         `BlockOracle` and verified by referencing the timestamp associated with the
     ///         first L2 Output Proposal in the `L2OutputOracle` that contains the disputed

packages/contracts-bedrock/src/dispute/lib/LibHashing.sol

@@ -9,11 +9,20 @@ library LibHashing {
     /// @notice Hashes a claim and a position together.
     /// @param _claim A Claim type.
     /// @param _position The position of `claim`.
-    /// @return claimHash_ A hash of abi.encodePacked(claim, position);
-    function hashClaimPos(Claim _claim, Position _position) internal pure returns (ClaimHash claimHash_) {
+    /// @param _challengeIndex The index of the claim being moved against.
+    /// @return claimHash_ A hash of abi.encodePacked(claim, position|challengeIndex);
+    function hashClaimPos(
+        Claim _claim,
+        Position _position,
+        uint256 _challengeIndex
+    )
+        internal
+        pure
+        returns (ClaimHash claimHash_)
+    {
         assembly {
             mstore(0x00, _claim)
-            mstore(0x20, _position)
+            mstore(0x20, or(shl(128, _position), and(0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF, _challengeIndex)))
             claimHash_ := keccak256(0x00, 0x40)
         }
     }

packages/contracts-bedrock/src/libraries/DisputeErrors.sol

@@ -66,6 +66,12 @@ error L1HeadTooOld();
 /// @notice Thrown when an invalid local identifier is passed to the `addLocalData` function.
 error InvalidLocalIdent();
 
+/// @notice Thrown when resolving claims out of order.
+error OutOfOrderResolution();
+
+/// @notice Thrown when resolving a claim that has already been resolved.
+error ClaimAlreadyResolved();
+
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 //              `AttestationDisputeGame` Errors               //
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////