Merge pull request #4830 from ethereum-optimism/jg/txmgr_cleanup_pt2

txmgr: Simplify resubmit logic and scaffolding

op-batcher/batcher/driver.go

@@ -72,6 +72,8 @@ func NewBatchSubmitterFromCLIConfig(cfg CLIConfig, l log.Logger) (*BatchSubmitte
 		ReceiptQueryInterval:      time.Second,
 		NumConfirmations:          cfg.NumConfirmations,
 		SafeAbortNonceTooLowCount: cfg.SafeAbortNonceTooLowCount,
+		From:                      fromAddress,
+		Signer:                    signer(rcfg.L1ChainID),
 	}
 
 	batcherCfg := Config{

op-batcher/batcher/txmgr.go

@@ -54,14 +54,10 @@ func (t *TransactionManager) SendTransaction(ctx context.Context, data []byte) (
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create tx: %w", err)
 	}
-	// Construct a closure that will update the txn with the current gas prices.
-	updateGasPrice := func(ctx context.Context) (*types.Transaction, error) {
-		return t.UpdateGasPrice(ctx, tx)
-	}
 
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 100*time.Second) // TODO: Select a timeout that makes sense here.
 	defer cancel()
-	if receipt, err := t.txMgr.Send(ctx, updateGasPrice, t.l1Client.SendTransaction); err != nil {
+	if receipt, err := t.txMgr.Send(ctx, tx); err != nil {
 		t.log.Warn("unable to publish tx", "err", err, "data_size", len(data))
 		return nil, err
 	} else {
@@ -135,29 +131,3 @@ func (t *TransactionManager) CraftTx(ctx context.Context, data []byte) (*types.T
 	tx := types.NewTx(rawTx)
 	return t.signerFn(ctx, t.senderAddress, tx)
 }
-
-// UpdateGasPrice signs an otherwise identical txn to the one provided but with
-// updated gas prices sampled from the existing network conditions.
-//
-// NOTE: This method SHOULD NOT publish the resulting transaction.
-func (t *TransactionManager) UpdateGasPrice(ctx context.Context, tx *types.Transaction) (*types.Transaction, error) {
-	gasTipCap, gasFeeCap, err := t.calcGasTipAndFeeCap(ctx)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	rawTx := &types.DynamicFeeTx{
-		ChainID:   t.chainID,
-		Nonce:     tx.Nonce(),
-		To:        tx.To(),
-		GasTipCap: gasTipCap,
-		GasFeeCap: gasFeeCap,
-		Gas:       tx.Gas(),
-		Data:      tx.Data(),
-	}
-	// Only log the new tip/fee cap because the updateGasPrice closure reuses the same initial transaction
-	t.log.Trace("updating gas price", "tip_cap", gasTipCap, "fee_cap", gasFeeCap)
-
-	finalTx := types.NewTx(rawTx)
-	return t.signerFn(ctx, t.senderAddress, finalTx)
-}

op-e2e/actions/l2_proposer.go

@@ -50,6 +50,8 @@ func NewL2Proposer(t Testing, log log.Logger, cfg *ProposerCfg, l1 *ethclient.Cl
 			ReceiptQueryInterval:      time.Second,
 			NumConfirmations:          1,
 			SafeAbortNonceTooLowCount: 4,
+			From:                      from,
+			// Signer is loaded in `proposer.NewL2OutputSubmitter`
 		},
 		L1Client:          l1,
 		RollupClient:      rollupCl,
@@ -85,7 +87,9 @@ func (p *L2Proposer) ActMakeProposalTx(t Testing) {
 	tx, err := p.driver.CreateProposalTx(t.Ctx(), output)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
-	err = p.driver.SendTransaction(t.Ctx(), tx)
+	// Note: Use L1 instead of the output submitter's transaction manager because
+	// this is non-blocking while the txmgr is blocking & deadlocks the tests
+	err = p.l1.SendTransaction(t.Ctx(), tx)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	p.lastTx = tx.Hash()

op-proposer/proposer/l2_output_submitter.go

@@ -171,6 +171,7 @@ func NewL2OutputSubmitterFromCLIConfig(cfg CLIConfig, l log.Logger) (*L2OutputSu
 		ReceiptQueryInterval:      time.Second,
 		NumConfirmations:          cfg.NumConfirmations,
 		SafeAbortNonceTooLowCount: cfg.SafeAbortNonceTooLowCount,
+		From:                      fromAddress,
 	}
 
 	proposerCfg := Config{
@@ -198,6 +199,8 @@ func NewL2OutputSubmitter(cfg Config, l log.Logger) (*L2OutputSubmitter, error)
 		cancel()
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	signer := cfg.SignerFnFactory(chainID)
+	cfg.TxManagerConfig.Signer = signer
 
 	l2ooContract, err := bindings.NewL2OutputOracle(cfg.L2OutputOracleAddr, cfg.L1Client)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -227,7 +230,7 @@ func NewL2OutputSubmitter(cfg Config, l log.Logger) (*L2OutputSubmitter, error)
 
 		allowNonFinalized: cfg.AllowNonFinalized,
 		from:              cfg.From,
-		signerFn:          cfg.SignerFnFactory(chainID),
+		signerFn:          signer,
 		pollInterval:      cfg.PollInterval,
 	}, nil
 }
@@ -261,12 +264,6 @@ func (l *L2OutputSubmitter) UpdateGasPrice(ctx context.Context, tx *types.Transa
 	return l.rawL2ooContract.RawTransact(opts, tx.Data())
 }
 
-// SendTransaction injects a signed transaction into the pending pool for execution.
-func (l *L2OutputSubmitter) SendTransaction(ctx context.Context, tx *types.Transaction) error {
-	l.log.Info("proposer sending transaction", "tx", tx.Hash())
-	return l.l1Client.SendTransaction(ctx, tx)
-}
-
 // FetchNextOutputInfo gets the block number of the next proposal.
 // It returns: the next block number, if the proposal should be made, error
 func (l *L2OutputSubmitter) FetchNextOutputInfo(ctx context.Context) (*eth.OutputResponse, bool, error) {
@@ -356,22 +353,15 @@ func (l *L2OutputSubmitter) CreateProposalTx(ctx context.Context, output *eth.Ou
 	return tx, nil
 }
 
-// SendTransactionExt sends a transaction through the transaction manager which handles automatic
+// SendTransaction sends a transaction through the transaction manager which handles automatic
 // price bumping.
 // It also hardcodes a timeout of 100s.
-func (l *L2OutputSubmitter) SendTransactionExt(ctx context.Context, tx *types.Transaction) error {
-	// Construct the closure that will update the txn with the current gas prices.
-	nonce := tx.Nonce()
-	updateGasPrice := func(ctx context.Context) (*types.Transaction, error) {
-		l.log.Info("proposer updating batch tx gas price", "nonce", nonce)
-		return l.UpdateGasPrice(ctx, tx)
-	}
-
+func (l *L2OutputSubmitter) SendTransaction(ctx context.Context, tx *types.Transaction) error {
 	// Wait until one of our submitted transactions confirms. If no
 	// receipt is received it's likely our gas price was too low.
 	cCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 100*time.Second)
 	defer cancel()
-	receipt, err := l.txMgr.Send(cCtx, updateGasPrice, l.SendTransaction)
+	receipt, err := l.txMgr.Send(cCtx, tx)
 	if err != nil {
 		l.log.Error("proposer unable to publish tx", "err", err)
 		return err
@@ -411,7 +401,7 @@ func (l *L2OutputSubmitter) loop() {
 				cancel()
 				break
 			}
-			if err := l.SendTransactionExt(cCtx, tx); err != nil {
+			if err := l.SendTransaction(cCtx, tx); err != nil {
 				l.log.Error("Failed to send proposal transaction", "err", err)
 				cancel()
 				break

op-service/txmgr/txmgr.go

@@ -2,14 +2,17 @@ package txmgr
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"errors"
 	"math/big"
-	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/txpool"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
+
+	opcrypto "github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/op-service/crypto"
 )
 
 // UpdateGasPriceSendTxFunc defines a function signature for publishing a
@@ -40,6 +43,10 @@ type Config struct {
 	// are required to give up on a tx at a particular nonce without receiving
 	// confirmation.
 	SafeAbortNonceTooLowCount uint64
+
+	// Signer is used to sign transactions when the gas price is increased.
+	Signer opcrypto.SignerFn
+	From   common.Address
 }
 
 // TxManager is an interface that allows callers to reliably publish txs,
@@ -50,15 +57,15 @@ type TxManager interface {
 	// until an invocation of sendTx returns (called with differing gas
 	// prices). The method may be canceled using the passed context.
 	//
+	// The initial transaction MUST be signed & ready to submit.
+	//
 	// NOTE: Send should be called by AT MOST one caller at a time.
-	Send(ctx context.Context, updateGasPrice UpdateGasPriceFunc, sendTxn SendTransactionFunc) (*types.Receipt, error)
+	Send(ctx context.Context, tx *types.Transaction) (*types.Receipt, error)
 }
 
-// ReceiptSource is a minimal function signature used to detect the confirmation
-// of published txs.
-//
-// NOTE: This is a subset of bind.DeployBackend.
-type ReceiptSource interface {
+// ETHBackend is the set of methods that the transaction manager uses to resubmit gas & determine
+// when transactions are included on L1.
+type ETHBackend interface {
 	// BlockNumber returns the most recent block number.
 	BlockNumber(ctx context.Context) (uint64, error)
 
@@ -66,6 +73,14 @@ type ReceiptSource interface {
 	// txHash. If lookup does not fail, but the transaction is not found,
 	// nil should be returned for both values.
 	TransactionReceipt(ctx context.Context, txHash common.Hash) (*types.Receipt, error)
+
+	// SendTransaction submits a signed transaction to L1.
+	SendTransaction(ctx context.Context, tx *types.Transaction) error
+
+	// These functions are used to estimate what the basefee & priority fee should be set to.
+	// TODO(CLI-3318): Maybe need a generic interface to support different RPC providers
+	HeaderByNumber(ctx context.Context, number *big.Int) (*types.Header, error)
+	SuggestGasTipCap(ctx context.Context) (*big.Int, error)
 }
 
 // SimpleTxManager is a implementation of TxManager that performs linear fee
@@ -74,12 +89,55 @@ type SimpleTxManager struct {
 	Config // embed the config directly
 	name   string
 
-	backend ReceiptSource
+	backend ETHBackend
 	l       log.Logger
 }
 
+// IncreaseGasPrice takes the previous transaction & potentially clones then signs it with a higher tip.
+// If the basefee + priority fee did not increase by a minimum percent (geth's replacement percent) an
+// error will be returned.
+// We do not re-estimate the amount of gas used because for some stateful transactions (like output proposals) the
+// act of including the transaction renders the repeat of the transaction invalid.
+func (m *SimpleTxManager) IncreaseGasPrice(ctx context.Context, tx *types.Transaction) (*types.Transaction, error) {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 5*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	var gasTipCap, gasFeeCap *big.Int
+
+	if tip, err := m.backend.SuggestGasTipCap(ctx); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	} else if tip == nil {
+		return nil, errors.New("the suggested tip was nil")
+	} else {
+		gasTipCap = tip
+	}
+
+	if head, err := m.backend.HeaderByNumber(ctx, nil); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	} else if head.BaseFee == nil {
+		return nil, errors.New("txmgr does not support pre-london blocks that do not have a basefee")
+	} else {
+		gasFeeCap = CalcGasFeeCap(head.BaseFee, gasTipCap)
+	}
+
+	// TODO (CLI-2630): Check for a large enough price bump
+
+	rawTx := &types.DynamicFeeTx{
+		ChainID:    tx.ChainId(),
+		Nonce:      tx.Nonce(),
+		GasTipCap:  gasTipCap,
+		GasFeeCap:  gasFeeCap,
+		Gas:        tx.Gas(),
+		To:         tx.To(),
+		Value:      tx.Value(),
+		Data:       tx.Data(),
+		AccessList: tx.AccessList(),
+	}
+	return m.Signer(ctx, m.From, types.NewTx(rawTx))
+}
+
 // NewSimpleTxManager initializes a new SimpleTxManager with the passed Config.
-func NewSimpleTxManager(name string, l log.Logger, cfg Config, backend ReceiptSource) *SimpleTxManager {
+func NewSimpleTxManager(name string, l log.Logger, cfg Config, backend ETHBackend) *SimpleTxManager {
 	if cfg.NumConfirmations == 0 {
 		panic("txmgr: NumConfirmations cannot be zero")
 	}
@@ -97,8 +155,12 @@ func NewSimpleTxManager(name string, l log.Logger, cfg Config, backend ReceiptSo
 // invocation of sendTx returns (called with differing gas prices). The method
 // may be canceled using the passed context.
 //
+// The initially supplied transaction must be signed, have gas estimation done, and have a reasonable gas fee.
+// When the transaction is resubmitted the tx manager will re-sign the transaction at a different gas pricing
+// but retain the gas used, the nonce, and the data.
+//
 // NOTE: Send should be called by AT MOST one caller at a time.
-func (m *SimpleTxManager) Send(ctx context.Context, updateGasPrice UpdateGasPriceFunc, sendTx SendTransactionFunc) (*types.Receipt, error) {
+func (m *SimpleTxManager) Send(ctx context.Context, tx *types.Transaction) (*types.Receipt, error) {
 
 	// Initialize a wait group to track any spawned goroutines, and ensure
 	// we properly clean up any dangling resources this method generates.
@@ -114,22 +176,13 @@ func (m *SimpleTxManager) Send(ctx context.Context, updateGasPrice UpdateGasPric
 
 	sendState := NewSendState(m.SafeAbortNonceTooLowCount)
 
-	// Create a closure that will block on passed sendTx function in the
+	// Create a closure that will block on submitting the tx in the
 	// background, returning the first successfully mined receipt back to
 	// the main event loop via receiptChan.
 	receiptChan := make(chan *types.Receipt, 1)
-	sendTxAsync := func() {
+	sendTxAsync := func(tx *types.Transaction) {
 		defer wg.Done()
 
-		tx, err := updateGasPrice(ctx)
-		if err != nil {
-			if err == context.Canceled || strings.Contains(err.Error(), "context canceled") {
-				return
-			}
-			m.l.Error("unable to update txn gas price", "err", err)
-			return
-		}
-
 		txHash := tx.Hash()
 		nonce := tx.Nonce()
 		gasTipCap := tx.GasTipCap()
@@ -137,12 +190,14 @@ func (m *SimpleTxManager) Send(ctx context.Context, updateGasPrice UpdateGasPric
 		log := m.l.New("txHash", txHash, "nonce", nonce, "gasTipCap", gasTipCap, "gasFeeCap", gasFeeCap)
 		log.Info("publishing transaction")
 
-		// Sign and publish transaction with current gas price.
-		err = sendTx(ctx, tx)
+		err := m.backend.SendTransaction(ctx, tx)
 		sendState.ProcessSendError(err)
 		if err != nil {
-			if err == context.Canceled ||
-				strings.Contains(err.Error(), "context canceled") {
+			if errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) {
+				return
+			}
+			if errors.Is(err, txpool.ErrAlreadyKnown) {
+				log.Info("resubmitted already known transaction")
 				return
 			}
 			log.Error("unable to publish transaction", "err", err)
@@ -177,7 +232,7 @@ func (m *SimpleTxManager) Send(ctx context.Context, updateGasPrice UpdateGasPric
 	// background, before entering the event loop and waiting out the
 	// resubmission timeout.
 	wg.Add(1)
-	go sendTxAsync()
+	go sendTxAsync(tx)
 
 	ticker := time.NewTicker(m.ResubmissionTimeout)
 	defer ticker.Stop()
@@ -196,9 +251,17 @@ func (m *SimpleTxManager) Send(ctx context.Context, updateGasPrice UpdateGasPric
 				continue
 			}
 
-			// Submit and wait for the bumped traction to confirm.
+			// Increase the gas price & submit the new transaction
+			newTx, err := m.IncreaseGasPrice(ctx, tx)
+			if err != nil {
+				m.l.Error("Failed to increase the gas price for the tx", "err", err)
+				// Don't `continue` here so we resubmit the transaction with the same gas price.
+			} else {
+				// Save the tx so we know it's gas price.
+				tx = newTx
+			}
 			wg.Add(1)
-			go sendTxAsync()
+			go sendTxAsync(tx)
 
 		// The passed context has been canceled, i.e. in the event of a
 		// shutdown.
@@ -235,7 +298,7 @@ func (m *SimpleTxManager) waitMined(ctx context.Context, tx *types.Transaction,
 				break
 			}
 
-			m.l.Trace("Transaction mined, checking confirmations", "txHash", txHash, "txHeight", txHeight,
+			m.l.Debug("Transaction mined, checking confirmations", "txHash", txHash, "txHeight", txHeight,
 				"tipHeight", tipHeight, "numConfirmations", m.NumConfirmations)
 
 			// The transaction is considered confirmed when
@@ -252,7 +315,7 @@ func (m *SimpleTxManager) waitMined(ctx context.Context, tx *types.Transaction,
 
 			// Safe to subtract since we know the LHS above is greater.
 			confsRemaining := (txHeight + m.NumConfirmations) - (tipHeight + 1)
-			m.l.Info("Transaction not yet confirmed", "txHash", txHash, "confsRemaining", confsRemaining)
+			m.l.Debug("Transaction not yet confirmed", "txHash", txHash, "confsRemaining", confsRemaining)
 
 		case err != nil:
 			m.l.Trace("Receipt retrievel failed", "hash", txHash, "err", err)
@@ -266,6 +329,7 @@ func (m *SimpleTxManager) waitMined(ctx context.Context, tx *types.Transaction,
 
 		select {
 		case <-ctx.Done():
+			m.l.Warn("context cancelled in waitMined")
 			return nil, ctx.Err()
 		case <-queryTicker.C:
 		}

op-service/txmgr/txmgr_test.go

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/op-node/testlog"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
@@ -28,14 +29,15 @@ type testHarness struct {
 // newTestHarnessWithConfig initializes a testHarness with a specific
 // configuration.
 func newTestHarnessWithConfig(t *testing.T, cfg Config) *testHarness {
-	backend := newMockBackend()
+	g := newGasPricer(3)
+	backend := newMockBackend(g)
 	mgr := NewSimpleTxManager("TEST", testlog.Logger(t, log.LvlCrit), cfg, backend)
 
 	return &testHarness{
 		cfg:       cfg,
 		mgr:       mgr,
 		backend:   backend,
-		gasPricer: newGasPricer(3),
+		gasPricer: g,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -51,6 +53,10 @@ func configWithNumConfs(numConfirmations uint64) Config {
 		ReceiptQueryInterval:      50 * time.Millisecond,
 		NumConfirmations:          numConfirmations,
 		SafeAbortNonceTooLowCount: 3,
+		Signer: func(ctx context.Context, from common.Address, tx *types.Transaction) (*types.Transaction, error) {
+			return tx, nil
+		},
+		From: common.Address{},
 	}
 }
 
@@ -87,6 +93,12 @@ func (g *gasPricer) feesForEpoch(epoch int64) (*big.Int, *big.Int) {
 	return epochGasTipCap, epochGasFeeCap
 }
 
+func (g *gasPricer) basefee() *big.Int {
+	g.mu.Lock()
+	defer g.mu.Unlock()
+	return new(big.Int).Mul(g.baseBaseFee, big.NewInt(g.epoch))
+}
+
 func (g *gasPricer) sample() (*big.Int, *big.Int) {
 	g.mu.Lock()
 	defer g.mu.Unlock()
@@ -107,6 +119,9 @@ type minedTxInfo struct {
 type mockBackend struct {
 	mu sync.RWMutex
 
+	g    *gasPricer
+	send SendTransactionFunc
+
 	// blockHeight tracks the current height of the chain.
 	blockHeight uint64
 
@@ -115,12 +130,18 @@ type mockBackend struct {
 }
 
 // newMockBackend initializes a new mockBackend.
-func newMockBackend() *mockBackend {
+func newMockBackend(g *gasPricer) *mockBackend {
 	return &mockBackend{
+		g:        g,
 		minedTxs: make(map[common.Hash]minedTxInfo),
 	}
 }
 
+// setTxSender sets the implementation for the SendTransactionFunction
+func (b *mockBackend) setTxSender(s SendTransactionFunc) {
+	b.send = s
+}
+
 // mine records a (txHash, gasFeeCap) as confirmed. Subsequent calls to
 // TransactionReceipt with a matching txHash will result in a non-nil receipt.
 // If a nil txHash is supplied this has the effect of mining an empty block.
@@ -145,14 +166,30 @@ func (b *mockBackend) BlockNumber(ctx context.Context) (uint64, error) {
 	return b.blockHeight, nil
 }
 
+func (b *mockBackend) HeaderByNumber(ctx context.Context, number *big.Int) (*types.Header, error) {
+	return &types.Header{
+		BaseFee: b.g.basefee(),
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (b *mockBackend) SuggestGasTipCap(ctx context.Context) (*big.Int, error) {
+	tip, _ := b.g.sample()
+	return tip, nil
+}
+
+func (b *mockBackend) SendTransaction(ctx context.Context, tx *types.Transaction) error {
+	if b.send == nil {
+		panic("set sender function was not set")
+	}
+	return b.send(ctx, tx)
+
+}
+
 // TransactionReceipt queries the mockBackend for a mined txHash. If none is
 // found, nil is returned for both return values. Otherwise, it retruns a
 // receipt containing the txHash and the gasFeeCap used in the GasUsed to make
 // the value accessible from our test framework.
-func (b *mockBackend) TransactionReceipt(
-	ctx context.Context,
-	txHash common.Hash,
-) (*types.Receipt, error) {
+func (b *mockBackend) TransactionReceipt(ctx context.Context, txHash common.Hash) (*types.Receipt, error) {
 
 	b.mu.RLock()
 	defer b.mu.RUnlock()
@@ -180,13 +217,11 @@ func TestTxMgrConfirmAtMinGasPrice(t *testing.T) {
 
 	gasPricer := newGasPricer(1)
 
-	updateGasPrice := func(ctx context.Context) (*types.Transaction, error) {
-		gasTipCap, gasFeeCap := gasPricer.sample()
-		return types.NewTx(&types.DynamicFeeTx{
-			GasTipCap: gasTipCap,
-			GasFeeCap: gasFeeCap,
-		}), nil
-	}
+	gasTipCap, gasFeeCap := gasPricer.sample()
+	tx := types.NewTx(&types.DynamicFeeTx{
+		GasTipCap: gasTipCap,
+		GasFeeCap: gasFeeCap,
+	})
 
 	sendTx := func(ctx context.Context, tx *types.Transaction) error {
 		if gasPricer.shouldMine(tx.GasFeeCap()) {
@@ -195,9 +230,11 @@ func TestTxMgrConfirmAtMinGasPrice(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 		return nil
 	}
+	h.backend.setTxSender(sendTx)
 
-	ctx := context.Background()
-	receipt, err := h.mgr.Send(ctx, updateGasPrice, sendTx)
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 10*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+	receipt, err := h.mgr.Send(ctx, tx)
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 	require.NotNil(t, receipt)
 	require.Equal(t, gasPricer.expGasFeeCap().Uint64(), receipt.GasUsed)
@@ -211,23 +248,21 @@ func TestTxMgrNeverConfirmCancel(t *testing.T) {
 
 	h := newTestHarness(t)
 
-	updateGasPrice := func(ctx context.Context) (*types.Transaction, error) {
-		gasTipCap, gasFeeCap := h.gasPricer.sample()
-		return types.NewTx(&types.DynamicFeeTx{
-			GasTipCap: gasTipCap,
-			GasFeeCap: gasFeeCap,
-		}), nil
-	}
-
+	gasTipCap, gasFeeCap := h.gasPricer.sample()
+	tx := types.NewTx(&types.DynamicFeeTx{
+		GasTipCap: gasTipCap,
+		GasFeeCap: gasFeeCap,
+	})
 	sendTx := func(ctx context.Context, tx *types.Transaction) error {
 		// Don't publish tx to backend, simulating never being mined.
 		return nil
 	}
+	h.backend.setTxSender(sendTx)
 
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 10*time.Second)
 	defer cancel()
 
-	receipt, err := h.mgr.Send(ctx, updateGasPrice, sendTx)
+	receipt, err := h.mgr.Send(ctx, tx)
 	require.Equal(t, err, context.DeadlineExceeded)
 	require.Nil(t, receipt)
 }
@@ -239,14 +274,11 @@ func TestTxMgrConfirmsAtHigherGasPrice(t *testing.T) {
 
 	h := newTestHarness(t)
 
-	updateGasPrice := func(ctx context.Context) (*types.Transaction, error) {
-		gasTipCap, gasFeeCap := h.gasPricer.sample()
-		return types.NewTx(&types.DynamicFeeTx{
-			GasTipCap: gasTipCap,
-			GasFeeCap: gasFeeCap,
-		}), nil
-	}
-
+	gasTipCap, gasFeeCap := h.gasPricer.sample()
+	tx := types.NewTx(&types.DynamicFeeTx{
+		GasTipCap: gasTipCap,
+		GasFeeCap: gasFeeCap,
+	})
 	sendTx := func(ctx context.Context, tx *types.Transaction) error {
 		if h.gasPricer.shouldMine(tx.GasFeeCap()) {
 			txHash := tx.Hash()
@@ -254,9 +286,11 @@ func TestTxMgrConfirmsAtHigherGasPrice(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 		return nil
 	}
+	h.backend.setTxSender(sendTx)
 
-	ctx := context.Background()
-	receipt, err := h.mgr.Send(ctx, updateGasPrice, sendTx)
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 10*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+	receipt, err := h.mgr.Send(ctx, tx)
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 	require.NotNil(t, receipt)
 	require.Equal(t, h.gasPricer.expGasFeeCap().Uint64(), receipt.GasUsed)
@@ -273,22 +307,21 @@ func TestTxMgrBlocksOnFailingRpcCalls(t *testing.T) {
 
 	h := newTestHarness(t)
 
-	updateGasPrice := func(ctx context.Context) (*types.Transaction, error) {
-		gasTipCap, gasFeeCap := h.gasPricer.sample()
-		return types.NewTx(&types.DynamicFeeTx{
-			GasTipCap: gasTipCap,
-			GasFeeCap: gasFeeCap,
-		}), nil
-	}
+	gasTipCap, gasFeeCap := h.gasPricer.sample()
+	tx := types.NewTx(&types.DynamicFeeTx{
+		GasTipCap: gasTipCap,
+		GasFeeCap: gasFeeCap,
+	})
 
 	sendTx := func(ctx context.Context, tx *types.Transaction) error {
 		return errRpcFailure
 	}
+	h.backend.setTxSender(sendTx)
 
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 10*time.Second)
 	defer cancel()
 
-	receipt, err := h.mgr.Send(ctx, updateGasPrice, sendTx)
+	receipt, err := h.mgr.Send(ctx, tx)
 	require.Equal(t, err, context.DeadlineExceeded)
 	require.Nil(t, receipt)
 }
@@ -301,13 +334,11 @@ func TestTxMgrOnlyOnePublicationSucceeds(t *testing.T) {
 
 	h := newTestHarness(t)
 
-	updateGasPrice := func(ctx context.Context) (*types.Transaction, error) {
-		gasTipCap, gasFeeCap := h.gasPricer.sample()
-		return types.NewTx(&types.DynamicFeeTx{
-			GasTipCap: gasTipCap,
-			GasFeeCap: gasFeeCap,
-		}), nil
-	}
+	gasTipCap, gasFeeCap := h.gasPricer.sample()
+	tx := types.NewTx(&types.DynamicFeeTx{
+		GasTipCap: gasTipCap,
+		GasFeeCap: gasFeeCap,
+	})
 
 	sendTx := func(ctx context.Context, tx *types.Transaction) error {
 		// Fail all but the final attempt.
@@ -319,9 +350,11 @@ func TestTxMgrOnlyOnePublicationSucceeds(t *testing.T) {
 		h.backend.mine(&txHash, tx.GasFeeCap())
 		return nil
 	}
+	h.backend.setTxSender(sendTx)
 
-	ctx := context.Background()
-	receipt, err := h.mgr.Send(ctx, updateGasPrice, sendTx)
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 10*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+	receipt, err := h.mgr.Send(ctx, tx)
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 
 	require.NotNil(t, receipt)
@@ -336,13 +369,11 @@ func TestTxMgrConfirmsMinGasPriceAfterBumping(t *testing.T) {
 
 	h := newTestHarness(t)
 
-	updateGasPrice := func(ctx context.Context) (*types.Transaction, error) {
-		gasTipCap, gasFeeCap := h.gasPricer.sample()
-		return types.NewTx(&types.DynamicFeeTx{
-			GasTipCap: gasTipCap,
-			GasFeeCap: gasFeeCap,
-		}), nil
-	}
+	gasTipCap, gasFeeCap := h.gasPricer.sample()
+	tx := types.NewTx(&types.DynamicFeeTx{
+		GasTipCap: gasTipCap,
+		GasFeeCap: gasFeeCap,
+	})
 
 	sendTx := func(ctx context.Context, tx *types.Transaction) error {
 		// Delay mining the tx with the min gas price.
@@ -354,9 +385,11 @@ func TestTxMgrConfirmsMinGasPriceAfterBumping(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 		return nil
 	}
+	h.backend.setTxSender(sendTx)
 
-	ctx := context.Background()
-	receipt, err := h.mgr.Send(ctx, updateGasPrice, sendTx)
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 10*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+	receipt, err := h.mgr.Send(ctx, tx)
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 	require.NotNil(t, receipt)
 	require.Equal(t, h.gasPricer.expGasFeeCap().Uint64(), receipt.GasUsed)
@@ -368,13 +401,11 @@ func TestTxMgrDoesntAbortNonceTooLowAfterMiningTx(t *testing.T) {
 
 	h := newTestHarnessWithConfig(t, configWithNumConfs(2))
 
-	updateGasPrice := func(ctx context.Context) (*types.Transaction, error) {
-		gasTipCap, gasFeeCap := h.gasPricer.sample()
-		return types.NewTx(&types.DynamicFeeTx{
-			GasTipCap: gasTipCap,
-			GasFeeCap: gasFeeCap,
-		}), nil
-	}
+	gasTipCap, gasFeeCap := h.gasPricer.sample()
+	tx := types.NewTx(&types.DynamicFeeTx{
+		GasTipCap: gasTipCap,
+		GasFeeCap: gasFeeCap,
+	})
 
 	sendTx := func(ctx context.Context, tx *types.Transaction) error {
 		switch {
@@ -399,9 +430,11 @@ func TestTxMgrDoesntAbortNonceTooLowAfterMiningTx(t *testing.T) {
 			return core.ErrNonceTooLow
 		}
 	}
+	h.backend.setTxSender(sendTx)
 
-	ctx := context.Background()
-	receipt, err := h.mgr.Send(ctx, updateGasPrice, sendTx)
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 10*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+	receipt, err := h.mgr.Send(ctx, tx)
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 	require.NotNil(t, receipt)
 	require.Equal(t, h.gasPricer.expGasFeeCap().Uint64(), receipt.GasUsed)
@@ -419,7 +452,8 @@ func TestWaitMinedReturnsReceiptOnFirstSuccess(t *testing.T) {
 	txHash := tx.Hash()
 	h.backend.mine(&txHash, new(big.Int))
 
-	ctx := context.Background()
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
 	receipt, err := h.mgr.waitMined(ctx, tx, nil)
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 	require.NotNil(t, receipt)
@@ -433,7 +467,7 @@ func TestWaitMinedCanBeCanceled(t *testing.T) {
 
 	h := newTestHarness(t)
 
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 10*time.Second)
 	defer cancel()
 
 	// Create an unimined tx.
@@ -524,6 +558,18 @@ func (b *failingBackend) TransactionReceipt(
 	}, nil
 }
 
+func (b *failingBackend) HeaderByNumber(_ context.Context, _ *big.Int) (*types.Header, error) {
+	return nil, ethereum.NotFound
+}
+
+func (b *failingBackend) SendTransaction(_ context.Context, _ *types.Transaction) error {
+	return errors.New("unimplemented")
+}
+
+func (b *failingBackend) SuggestGasTipCap(_ context.Context) (*big.Int, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("unimplemented")
+}
+
 // TestWaitMinedReturnsReceiptAfterFailure asserts that WaitMined is able to
 // recover from failed calls to the backend. It uses the failedBackend to
 // simulate an rpc call failure, followed by the successful return of a receipt.
@@ -549,7 +595,8 @@ func TestWaitMinedReturnsReceiptAfterFailure(t *testing.T) {
 	tx := types.NewTx(&types.LegacyTx{})
 	txHash := tx.Hash()
 
-	ctx := context.Background()
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 10*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
 	receipt, err := mgr.waitMined(ctx, tx, nil)
 	require.Nil(t, err)
 	require.NotNil(t, receipt)