specs: initial fault proof program/VM specs

cd726443 · protolambda · 4016b3a0 · cd726443 · cd726443 · cd726443
Commit cd726443 authored Apr 11, 2023 by protolambda
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README.md specs/README.md +8 -0

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--- a/specs/README.md
+++ b/specs/README.md
@@ -24,6 +24,14 @@ that maintains 1:1 compatibility with Ethereum.
 - [Predeploys](predeploys.md)
 - [Glossary](glossary.md)
+### Experimental
+Specifications of new features in active development.
+- [Fault Proof](./fault-proof.md)
+- [Dispute Game](./dispute-game.md)
+- [Dispute Game Interface](./dispute-game-interface.md)
 ## Design Goals
 Our aim is to design a protocol specification that is:

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1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: normal;">prologue:<br />dispute and<br />L1 lookup</div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="135" y="939" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">prologue:...</text></switch></g><path d="M 1180 1340 L 1180 1205.47" fill="none" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="stroke"/><path d="M 1180 1184.47 L 1194 1212.47 L 1180 1205.47 L 1166 1212.47 Z" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="all"/><rect x="820" y="1340" width="480" height="240" fill="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" pointer-events="all"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)scale(4)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 118px; height: 1px; padding-top: 365px; margin-left: 206px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; text-align: center;" data-drawio-colors="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: normal;">Pre-image Oracle<br />Client</div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="265" y="369" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">Pre-image Oracle...</text></switch></g><path d="M 740 1820 L 740 1740 L 940 1740 L 940 1605.47" fill="none" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="stroke"/><path d="M 940 1584.47 L 954 1612.47 L 940 1605.47 L 926 1612.47 Z" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" stroke-miterlimit="10" pointer-events="all"/><path d="M 860 1820 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requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 138px; height: 1px; padding-top: 935px; margin-left: 476px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; text-align: center;" data-drawio-colors="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: normal;">epilogue:<br />output root construction<br />&amp; claim check</div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="545" y="939" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">epilogue:...</text></switch></g><rect x="2620" y="1340" width="880" height="720" fill="none" stroke="none" pointer-events="all"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)scale(4)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe flex-start; justify-content: unsafe flex-start; width: 218px; height: 1px; padding-top: 342px; margin-left: 657px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; text-align: left;" data-drawio-colors="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 18px; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: normal;"><div style="font-size: 18px;"><b>Program Client</b>:</div><div style="font-size: 18px;">- stateless<br /></div><div style="font-size: 18px;">- no temp errors</div><div style="font-size: 18px;">- no environment access<br />- onchain<br style="font-size: 18px;" /></div></div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="657" y="360" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" font-family="Helvetica" 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height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 118px; height: 1px; padding-top: 365px; margin-left: 406px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; text-align: center;" data-drawio-colors="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: normal;">Pre-image Hint<br />Writer</div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="465" y="369" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">Pre-image Hint...</text></switch></g><rect x="1020" y="3620" width="720" height="240" fill="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" pointer-events="all"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)scale(4)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 178px; height: 1px; padding-top: 935px; margin-left: 256px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; text-align: center;" data-drawio-colors="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: normal;">derivation loop</div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="345" y="939" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">derivation loop</text></switch></g><path d="M 1860 820 L 1860 485.47" fill="none" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-dasharray="12 12" pointer-events="stroke"/><path d="M 1860 464.47 L 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justify-content: unsafe center; width: 118px; height: 1px; padding-top: 265px; margin-left: 206px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; text-align: center;" data-drawio-colors="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: normal;">Pre-image Oracle<br />Server</div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="265" y="269" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">Pre-image Oracle...</text></switch></g><rect x="2620" y="100" width="690" height="340" fill="none" stroke="none" pointer-events="all"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)scale(4)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe flex-end; justify-content: unsafe flex-start; width: 171px; height: 1px; padding-top: 107px; margin-left: 657px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; text-align: left;" data-drawio-colors="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 18px; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: normal;"><b>Program tools:</b><br />- pre-image fetching<br />- retry on fetch errors</div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="657" y="107" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="18px">Program tools:...</text></switch></g><rect x="1385" y="20" width="395" height="240" fill="rgb(255, 255, 255)" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" stroke-dasharray="12 12" pointer-events="all"/><g transform="translate(-0.5 -0.5)scale(4)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 97px; height: 1px; padding-top: 35px; margin-left: 347px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; text-align: center;" data-drawio-colors="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: normal;">L1 pre-image<br />fetcher</div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="396" y="39" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">L1 pre-image...</text></switch></g><path d="M 1622.5 460 L 1622.33 740 L 1325.47 740" fill="none" stroke="rgb(0, 0, 0)" stroke-width="4" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-dasharray="12 12" pointer-events="stroke"/><path d="M 1304.47 740 L 1332.47 726 L 1325.47 740 L 1332.47 754 Z" 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-0.5)scale(4)"><switch><foreignObject style="overflow: visible; text-align: left;" pointer-events="none" width="100%" height="100%" requiredFeatures="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#Extensibility"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" style="display: flex; align-items: unsafe center; justify-content: unsafe center; width: 236px; height: 1px; padding-top: 103px; margin-left: 347px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0px; text-align: center;" data-drawio-colors="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><div style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 1.2; pointer-events: all; white-space: normal; overflow-wrap: normal;">Pre-image hint router</div></div></div></foreignObject><text x="465" y="106" fill="rgb(0, 0, 0)" font-family="Helvetica" font-size="12px" text-anchor="middle">Pre-image hint router</text></switch></g><path d="M 180 540 L 3380 540" fill="none" stroke="#ff0000" stroke-width="12" stroke-miterlimit="10" 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\ No newline at end of file
--- a/specs/fault-proof.md
+++ b/specs/fault-proof.md
+# Fault Proof
+<!-- START doctoc generated TOC please keep comment here to allow auto update -->
+<!-- DON'T EDIT THIS SECTION, INSTEAD RE-RUN doctoc TO UPDATE -->
+**Table of Contents**
+- [Overview](#overview)
+- [Pre-image Oracle](#pre-image-oracle)
+  - [Pre-image key types](#pre-image-key-types)
+    - [Type `0`: Zero key](#type-0-zero-key)
+    - [Type `1`: Local key](#type-1-local-key)
+    - [Type `2`: Global keccak256 key](#type-2-global-keccak256-key)
+    - [Type `3`: Global generic key](#type-3-global-generic-key)
+    - [Type `4-128`: reserved range](#type-4-128-reserved-range)
+    - [Type `129-255`: application usage](#type-129-255-application-usage)
+  - [Bootstrapping](#bootstrapping)
+  - [Hinting](#hinting)
+  - [Pre-image communication](#pre-image-communication)
+- [Fault Proof Program](#fault-proof-program)
+  - [Prologue](#prologue)
+  - [Main content](#main-content)
+  - [Epilogue](#epilogue)
+  - [Pre-image hinting routes](#pre-image-hinting-routes)
+    - [`l1-header <blockhash>`](#l1-header-blockhash)
+    - [`l1-transactions <blockhash>`](#l1-transactions-blockhash)
+    - [`l1-receipts <blockhash>`](#l1-receipts-blockhash)
+    - [`l2-header <blockhash>`](#l2-header-blockhash)
+    - [`l2-transactions <blockhash>`](#l2-transactions-blockhash)
+    - [`l2-code <codehash>`](#l2-code-codehash)
+    - [`l2-state-node <nodehash>`](#l2-state-node-nodehash)
+- [Fault Proof VM](#fault-proof-vm)
+- [Fault Proof Interactive Dispute Game](#fault-proof-interactive-dispute-game)
+<!-- END doctoc generated TOC please keep comment here to allow auto update -->
+## Overview
+A fault proof, also known as fraud proof or interactive game, consists of 3 components:
+- [Program]: given a commitment to all rollup inputs (L1 data) and the dispute, verify the dispute statelessly.
+- [VM]: given a stateless program and its inputs, trace any instruction step, and prove it on L1.
+- [Interactive Dispute Game]: bisect a dispute down to a single instruction, and resolve the base-case using the VM.
+Each of these 3 components may have different implementations, which can be combined into different proof stacks,
+and contribute to proof diversity when resolving a dispute.
+"Stateless execution" of the program, and its individual instructions, refers to reproducing
+the exact same computation by authenticating the inputs with a [Pre-image Oracle][oracle].
+![Diagram of Program and VM architecture](./assets/fault-proof.svg)
+## Pre-image Oracle
+[oracle]: #Pre-image-Oracle
+The pre-image oracle is the only form of communication between
+the [Program] (in the [Client](#client) role) and the [VM] (in the [Server](#server) role).
+The program uses the pre-image oracle to query any input data that is understood to be available to the user:
+- The initial inputs to bootstrap the program. See [Bootstrapping](#bootstrapping).
+- External data not already part of the program code. See [Pre-image types](#pre-image-types).
+The communication happens over a simple request-response wire protocol:
+- The client initiates a request for data by writing a `bytes32` [pre-image key](#pre-image-key-types).
+- The
+### Pre-image key types
+Pre-images are identified by a `bytes32` type-prefixed key:
+- The first byte identifies the type of request.
+- The remaining 31 bytes identify the pre-image key.
+#### Type `0`: Zero key
+The zero prefix is illegal. This ensures all pre-image keys are non-zero,
+enabling storage lookup optimizations and avoiding easy mistakes with invalid zeroed keys in the EVM.
+#### Type `1`: Local key
+Information specific to the dispute: the remainder of the key may be an index, a string, a hash, etc.
+Only the contract(s) managing this dispute instance may serve the value for this key:
+it is localized and contex-dependent.
+This type of key is used for program bootstrapping, to identify the initial input arguments by index or name.
+#### Type `2`: Global keccak256 key
+This type of key uses a global pre-image store contract, and is fully context-independent and permissionless.
+I.e. every key must have a single unique value, regardless of chain history or time.
+Using a global store reduces duplicate pre-image registration work,
+and avoids unnecessary contract redeployments per dispute.
+This global store contract should be non-upgradeable.
+Since `keccak256` is a safe 32-byte hash input, the first bit is overwritten with a `2` to derive the key,
+while keeping the rest of the key "readable" (matching the original hash).
+#### Type `3`: Global generic key
+Reserved. This scheme allows for unlimited application-layer pre-image types without fault-proof VM redeployments.
+This is a generic version of a global key store: `key = 0x03 ++ keccak256(x, sender)[1:]`, where:
+- `key` is a `bytes32`, which can be a hash of an arbitrary-length type of cryptographically secure commitment.
+- `sender` is a `bytes32` identifying the pre-image inserter address (left-padded to 32 bytes)
+This global store contract should be non-upgradeable.
+The global contract is permissionless: users can standardize around external contracts that verify pre-images
+(i.e. a specific `sender` will always be trusted for a specific kind of pre-image).
+The external contract the pre-image into the global store for usage by all fault proof VMs without upgrades.
+Users may standardize around upgradeable external pre-image contracts,
+in case the implementation of the verification of the pre-image is expected to change.
+The store update function is `update(key bytes32, offset uint64, span uint8, value bytes32)`:
+- Only part of the pre-image, starting at `offset`, and up to (incl.) 32 bytes `span` can be inserted at a time.
+- Pre-images may have an undefined length (e.g. a stream), we only need to know how many bytes of `value` are usable.
+- The key and offset will be hashed together to uniquely store the `value` and `span`, for later pre-image serving.
+This enables fault proof programs to adopt any new pre-image schemes without VM update or contract redeployment.
+It is up to the user to index the special pre-image values by this key scheme,
+as there is no way to revert it to the original commitment without knowing said commitment or value.
+#### Type `4-128`: reserved range
+Range start and and both inclusive.
+This range of key types is reserved for future usage by the core protocol.
+E.g. version changes, contract migrations, chain-data, additional core features, etc.
+`128` specifically (`1000 0000` in binary) is reserved for key-type length-extension
+(reducing the content part to `30` or less key bytes), if the need arises.
+#### Type `129-255`: application usage
+This range of key types may be used by forks or customized versions of the fault proof protocol.
+### Bootstrapping
+Initial inputs are deterministic, but not necessarily singular or global:
+there may be multiple different disputes at the same time, each with its own disputed claims and L1 context.
+To bootstrap, the program requests the initial inputs from the VM, using pre-image key type `1`.
+The VM is aware of the external context, and maps requested pre-image keys based on their type, i.e.
+a local lookup for type `1`, or global one for `2`, and optionally support other key-types.
+### Hinting
+There is one more form of optional communication between client and server: pre-image hinting.
+Hinting is optional, and *is a no-op* in a L1 VM implementation.
+The hint itself comes at very low cost onchain: the hint can be a single `write` sys-call,
+which is instant as the memory to write as hint does not actually need to be loaded as part of the onchain proof.
+Hinting allows the program, when generating a proof offchain,
+to instruct the VM what data it is interested in.
+The VM can choose to execute the requested hint at any time: either locally (for standard requests),
+or in a modular form by redirecting the hint to tooling that may come with the VM program.
+Hints do not have to be executed directly: they may first just be logged to show the intents of the program,
+and the latest hint may be buffered for lazy execution, or dropped entirely when in read-only mode (like onchain).
+When the pre-image oracle serves a request, and the request cannot be served from an existing collection of pre-images
+(e.g. a local pre-image cache) then the VM can execute the hint to retrieve the missing pre-image(s).
+It is the responsiblity of the program to provide sufficient hinting for every pre-image request.
+Some hints may have to be repeated: the VM only has to execute the last hint when handling a missing pre-image.
+Note that hints may produce multiple pre-images:
+e.g. a hint for an ethereum block with transaction list may prepare pre-images for the header,
+each of the transactions, and the intermediate merkle-nodes that form the transactions-list Merkle Patricia Trie.
+Hinting is implemented with a minimal wire-protocol over a blocking one-way stream:
+```text
+<request> := <length prefix> <hint bytes> <end>
+<length prefix> := big-endian uint32  # length of <hint bytes>
+<hint bytes> := byte sequence
+<end> := 0 byte
+```
+The `<end>` trailing zero byte allows the server to block the program
+(since the communication is blocking) until the hint is processed.
+### Pre-image communication
+Pre-images are communicated with a minimal wire-protocol over a blocking two-way stream:
+```text
+<request> := <bytes32>  # the type-prefixed pre-image key
+<response> := <length prefix> <pre-image bytes>
+<length prefix> := big-endian uint64  # length of <pre-image bytes>, note: uint64
+<hint bytes> := byte sequence  #
+```
+The `<length prefix>` here may be arbitrarily high:
+the client can stop reading at any time if the required part of the pre-image has been read.
+After the client writes new `<request>` bytes, the server should be prepared to respond with
+the pre-image starting from `offset == 0` upon `read` calls.
+The server may limit `read` results artificially to only a small amount of bytes at a time,
+even though the full pre-image is ready: this is expected regular IO protocol,
+and the client will just have to continue to read the small results at a timme,
+until 0 bytes are read, indicating EOF.
+This enables the server to serve e.g. at most 32 bytes at a time or align reads with VM memory structure,
+to limit the amount of VM state that changes per syscall instruction,
+and thus keep the proof size per instruction bounded.
+## Fault Proof Program
+[Program]: #Fault-Proof-Program
+The Fault Proof Program defines the verification of claims of the state-transition outputs
+of the L2 rollup as a pure function of L1 data.
+The `op-program` is the reference implementation of the program, based on `op-node` and `op-geth` implementations.
+The program consists of:
+- Prologue: load the inputs, given minimal bootstrapping, with possible test-overrides.
+- Main content: process the L2 state-transition, i.e. derive the state changes from the L1 inputs.
+- Epilogue: inspect the state changes to verify the claim.
+### Prologue
+The program is bootstrapped with two primary inputs:
+- `l1_head`: the L1 block hash that will be perceived as the tip of the L1 chain,
+  authenticating all prior L1 history.
+- `dispute`: identity of the claim to verify.
+Bootstrapping happens through special input requests to the host of the program.
+Additionally, there are *implied* inputs, which are *derived from the above primary inputs*,
+but can be overridden for testing purposes:
+- `l2_head`: the L2 block hash that will be perceived as the previously agreed upon tip of the L2 chain,
+  authenticating all prior L2 history.
+- Chain configurations: chain configuration may be baked into the program,
+  or determined from attributes of the identified `dispute` on L1.
+  - `l1_chain_config`: The chain-configuration of the L1 chain (also known as `l1_genesis.json`)
+  - `l2_chain_config`: The chain-configuration of the L2 chain (also known as `l2_genesis.json`)
+  - `rollup_config`: The rollup configuration used by the rollup-node (also known as `rollup.json`)
+The implied inputs rely on L1-introspection to load attributes of the `dispute` through the
+[dispute game interface](./dispute-game-interface.md), in the L1 history up and till the specified `l1_head`.
+The `dispute` may be the claim itself, or a pointer to specific prior claimed data in L1,
+depending on the dispute game interface.
+Implied inputs are loaded in a "prologue" before the actual core state-transition function executes.
+During testing a simplified prologue that loads the overrides may be used.
+> Note: only the test-prologues are currently supported, since the dispute game interface is actively changing.
+### Main content
+To verify a claim about L2 state, the program first reproduces
+the L2 state by applying L1 data to prior agreed L2 history.
+This process is also known as the [L2 derivation process](./derivation.md),
+and matches the processing in the [rollup node](./rollup-node.md) and [execution-engine](./exec-engine.md).
+The difference is that rather than retrieving inputs from an RPC and applying state changes to disk,
+the inputs are loaded through the [pre-image oracle][oracle] and the changes accumulate in memory.
+The derivation executes with two data-sources:
+- Interface to read-only L1 chain, backed by the pre-image oracle:
+  - The `l1_head` determines the view over the available L1 data: no later L1 data is available.
+  - The implementation of the chain traverses the header-chain from the `l1_head` down to serve by-number queries.
+  - The `l1_head` is the L1 unsafe head, safe head, and finalized head.
+- Interface to L2 engine API
+  - Prior L2 chain history is backed by the pre-image oracle, similar to the L1 chain:
+    - The initial `l2_head` determines the view over the initial available L2 history: no later L2 data is available.
+    - The implementation of the chain traverses the header-chain from the `l2_head` down to serve by-number queries.
+    - The `l2_head` is the initial L2 unsafe head, safe head, and finalized head.
+  - New L2 chain history accumulates in memory.
+    - Although the pre-image oracle can be used to retrieve data by hash if memory is limited,
+      the program should prefer to keep the newly created chain data in memory, to minimize pre-image oracle access.
+    - The L2 unsafe head, safe head, and finalized L2 head will potentially change as derivation progresses.
+    - L2 state consists of the diff of changes in memory,
+      and any unchanged state nodes accessible through the read-only L2 history view.
+See [Pre-image routes](#pre-image-routes) for specifications of the pre-image oracle backing of these data sources.
+Using these data-sources, the derivation pipeline is processed till we hit one of two conditions:
+- `EOF`: when we run out of L1 data, the L2 chain will not change further, and the epilogue can start.
+- Eager epilogue condition: depending on the type of claim to verify,
+  if the L2 result irreversible (i.e. no later L1 inputs can override it),
+  the processing may end early when the result is ready.
+  E.g. when asserting state at a specific L2 block, rather than the very tip of the L2 chain.
+### Epilogue
+While the main-content produces the disputed L2 state already,
+the epilogue concludes what this means for the disputed claim.
+The program produces a binary output to verify the claim, using a standard single-byte Unix exit-code:
+- a `0` for success, i.e. the claim is correct.
+- a non-zero code for failure, i.e. the claim is incorrect.
+  - `1` should be preferred for identifying an incorrect claim.
+  - Other non-zero exit codes may indicate runtime failure,
+    e.g. a bug in the program code may resolve in a kind of `panic` or unexpected error.
+    Safety should be preferred over liveness in this case, and the `claim` will fail.
+To assert the disputed claim, the epilogue, like the main content,
+can introspect L1 and L2 chain data and post-process it further,
+to then make a statement about the claim with the final exit code.
+A disputed output-root may be disproven by first producing the output-root, and then comparing it:
+1. Retrieve the output attributes from the L2 chain view: the state-root, block-hash, withdrawals storage-root.
+2. Compute the output-root, as the [proposer should compute it](./proposals.md#l2-output-commitment-construction).
+3. If the output-root matches the `claim`, exit with code 0. Otherwise, exit with code 1.
+> Note: the dispute game interface is actively changing, and may require additional claim assertions.
+> the output-root epilogue may be replaced or extended for general L2 message proving.
+### Pre-image hinting routes
+The fault proof program implements hint handling for the VM to use,
+as well as any program testing outside of VM environment.
+This can be exposed via a CLI, or alternative inter-process API.
+Every instance of `<blockhash>` in the below routes is `0x`-prefixed, lowercase, hex-encoded.
+#### `l1-header <blockhash>`
+Requests the host to prepare the L1 block header RLP pre-image of the block `<blockhash>`.
+#### `l1-transactions <blockhash>`
+Requests the host to prepare the list of transactions of the L1 block with `<blockhash>`:
+prepare the RLP pre-images of each of them, including transactions-list MPT nodes.
+#### `l1-receipts <blockhash>`
+Requests the host to prepare the list of receipts of the L1 block with `<blockhash>`:
+prepare the RLP pre-images of each of them, including transactions-list MPT nodes.
+#### `l2-header <blockhash>`
+Requests the host to prepare the L2 block header RLP pre-image of the block `<blockhash>`.
+#### `l2-transactions <blockhash>`
+Requests the host to prepare the list of transactions of the L2 block with `<blockhash>`:
+prepare the RLP pre-images of each of them, including transactions-list MPT nodes.
+#### `l2-code <codehash>`
+Requests the host to prepare the L2 smart-contract code with the given `<codehash>`.
+#### `l2-state-node <nodehash>`
+Requests the host to prepare the L2 MPT node preimage with the given `<nodehash>`.
+## Fault Proof VM
+[VM]: #Fault-Proof-VM
+A fault proof VM implements:
+- a smart-contract to verify a single execution-trace step, e.g. a single MIPS instruction.
+- a CLI command to generate a proof of a single execution-trace step.
+- a CLI command to compute a VM state-root at step N
+A fault proof VM relies on a fault proof program to provide an interface
+for fetching any missing pre-images based on hints.
+The VM emulates the program, as prepared for the VM target architecture,
+and generates the state-root or instruction proof data as requested through the VM CLI.
+Refer to the documentation of the fault proof VM for further usage information.
+Fault Proof VMs:
+- [Cannon]: big-endian 32-bit MIPS proof, by OP Labs, in active development.
+- [Asterisc]: little-endian 64-bit RISC-V proof, by `@protolambda`, in active development.
+[Cannon]: https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/cannon
+[Asterisc]: https://github.com/protolambda/asterisc
+## Fault Proof Interactive Dispute Game
+[Interactive Dispute Game]: #Fault-Proof-Interactive-Dispute-Game
+The interactive dispute game allows actors to resolve a dispute with an onchain challenge-response game
+that bisects the execution trace of the VM, bounded with a base-case that proves a VM trace step.
+The game is multi-player: different non-aligned actors may participate when bonded,
+Response time is allocated based on the remaining time in the branch of the tree and alignment with the claim.
+The allocated response time is limited by the dispute-game window,
+and any additional time necessary based on L1 fee changes when bonds are insufficient.
+> Note: the timed, bonded, bisection dispute game is in development.
+> Also see [dispute-game specs](./dispute-game.md) for general dispute game system specifications,
+> And [dispute-game-interface specs](./dispute-game-interface.md) for dispute game interface specifications.