further

minigeth/core/error.go

+// Copyright 2014 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package core
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+)
+
+var (
+	// ErrKnownBlock is returned when a block to import is already known locally.
+	ErrKnownBlock = errors.New("block already known")
+
+	// ErrBannedHash is returned if a block to import is on the banned list.
+	ErrBannedHash = errors.New("banned hash")
+
+	// ErrNoGenesis is returned when there is no Genesis Block.
+	ErrNoGenesis = errors.New("genesis not found in chain")
+)
+
+// List of evm-call-message pre-checking errors. All state transition messages will
+// be pre-checked before execution. If any invalidation detected, the corresponding
+// error should be returned which is defined here.
+//
+// - If the pre-checking happens in the miner, then the transaction won't be packed.
+// - If the pre-checking happens in the block processing procedure, then a "BAD BLOCk"
+// error should be emitted.
+var (
+	// ErrNonceTooLow is returned if the nonce of a transaction is lower than the
+	// one present in the local chain.
+	ErrNonceTooLow = errors.New("nonce too low")
+
+	// ErrNonceTooHigh is returned if the nonce of a transaction is higher than the
+	// next one expected based on the local chain.
+	ErrNonceTooHigh = errors.New("nonce too high")
+
+	// ErrGasLimitReached is returned by the gas pool if the amount of gas required
+	// by a transaction is higher than what's left in the block.
+	ErrGasLimitReached = errors.New("gas limit reached")
+
+	// ErrInsufficientFundsForTransfer is returned if the transaction sender doesn't
+	// have enough funds for transfer(topmost call only).
+	ErrInsufficientFundsForTransfer = errors.New("insufficient funds for transfer")
+
+	// ErrInsufficientFunds is returned if the total cost of executing a transaction
+	// is higher than the balance of the user's account.
+	ErrInsufficientFunds = errors.New("insufficient funds for gas * price + value")
+
+	// ErrGasUintOverflow is returned when calculating gas usage.
+	ErrGasUintOverflow = errors.New("gas uint64 overflow")
+
+	// ErrIntrinsicGas is returned if the transaction is specified to use less gas
+	// than required to start the invocation.
+	ErrIntrinsicGas = errors.New("intrinsic gas too low")
+
+	// ErrTxTypeNotSupported is returned if a transaction is not supported in the
+	// current network configuration.
+	ErrTxTypeNotSupported = types.ErrTxTypeNotSupported
+
+	// ErrTipAboveFeeCap is a sanity error to ensure no one is able to specify a
+	// transaction with a tip higher than the total fee cap.
+	ErrTipAboveFeeCap = errors.New("max priority fee per gas higher than max fee per gas")
+
+	// ErrTipVeryHigh is a sanity error to avoid extremely big numbers specified
+	// in the tip field.
+	ErrTipVeryHigh = errors.New("max priority fee per gas higher than 2^256-1")
+
+	// ErrFeeCapVeryHigh is a sanity error to avoid extremely big numbers specified
+	// in the fee cap field.
+	ErrFeeCapVeryHigh = errors.New("max fee per gas higher than 2^256-1")
+
+	// ErrFeeCapTooLow is returned if the transaction fee cap is less than the
+	// the base fee of the block.
+	ErrFeeCapTooLow = errors.New("max fee per gas less than block base fee")
+
+	// ErrSenderNoEOA is returned if the sender of a transaction is a contract.
+	ErrSenderNoEOA = errors.New("sender not an eoa")
+)

minigeth/core/evm.go

+// Copyright 2016 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package core
+
+import (
+	"math/big"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
+)
+
+// ChainContext supports retrieving headers and consensus parameters from the
+// current blockchain to be used during transaction processing.
+type ChainContext interface {
+	// Engine retrieves the chain's consensus engine.
+	Engine() consensus.Engine
+
+	// GetHeader returns the hash corresponding to their hash.
+	GetHeader(common.Hash, uint64) *types.Header
+}
+
+// NewEVMBlockContext creates a new context for use in the EVM.
+func NewEVMBlockContext(header *types.Header, chain ChainContext, author *common.Address) vm.BlockContext {
+	var (
+		beneficiary common.Address
+		baseFee     *big.Int
+	)
+
+	// If we don't have an explicit author (i.e. not mining), extract from the header
+	if author == nil {
+		beneficiary, _ = chain.Engine().Author(header) // Ignore error, we're past header validation
+	} else {
+		beneficiary = *author
+	}
+	if header.BaseFee != nil {
+		baseFee = new(big.Int).Set(header.BaseFee)
+	}
+	return vm.BlockContext{
+		CanTransfer: CanTransfer,
+		Transfer:    Transfer,
+		GetHash:     GetHashFn(header, chain),
+		Coinbase:    beneficiary,
+		BlockNumber: new(big.Int).Set(header.Number),
+		Time:        new(big.Int).SetUint64(header.Time),
+		Difficulty:  new(big.Int).Set(header.Difficulty),
+		BaseFee:     baseFee,
+		GasLimit:    header.GasLimit,
+	}
+}
+
+// NewEVMTxContext creates a new transaction context for a single transaction.
+func NewEVMTxContext(msg Message) vm.TxContext {
+	return vm.TxContext{
+		Origin:   msg.From(),
+		GasPrice: new(big.Int).Set(msg.GasPrice()),
+	}
+}
+
+// GetHashFn returns a GetHashFunc which retrieves header hashes by number
+func GetHashFn(ref *types.Header, chain ChainContext) func(n uint64) common.Hash {
+	// Cache will initially contain [refHash.parent],
+	// Then fill up with [refHash.p, refHash.pp, refHash.ppp, ...]
+	var cache []common.Hash
+
+	return func(n uint64) common.Hash {
+		// If there's no hash cache yet, make one
+		if len(cache) == 0 {
+			cache = append(cache, ref.ParentHash)
+		}
+		if idx := ref.Number.Uint64() - n - 1; idx < uint64(len(cache)) {
+			return cache[idx]
+		}
+		// No luck in the cache, but we can start iterating from the last element we already know
+		lastKnownHash := cache[len(cache)-1]
+		lastKnownNumber := ref.Number.Uint64() - uint64(len(cache))
+
+		for {
+			header := chain.GetHeader(lastKnownHash, lastKnownNumber)
+			if header == nil {
+				break
+			}
+			cache = append(cache, header.ParentHash)
+			lastKnownHash = header.ParentHash
+			lastKnownNumber = header.Number.Uint64() - 1
+			if n == lastKnownNumber {
+				return lastKnownHash
+			}
+		}
+		return common.Hash{}
+	}
+}
+
+// CanTransfer checks whether there are enough funds in the address' account to make a transfer.
+// This does not take the necessary gas in to account to make the transfer valid.
+func CanTransfer(db vm.StateDB, addr common.Address, amount *big.Int) bool {
+	return db.GetBalance(addr).Cmp(amount) >= 0
+}
+
+// Transfer subtracts amount from sender and adds amount to recipient using the given Db
+func Transfer(db vm.StateDB, sender, recipient common.Address, amount *big.Int) {
+	db.SubBalance(sender, amount)
+	db.AddBalance(recipient, amount)
+}

minigeth/core/gaspool.go

+// Copyright 2015 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package core
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"math"
+)
+
+// GasPool tracks the amount of gas available during execution of the transactions
+// in a block. The zero value is a pool with zero gas available.
+type GasPool uint64
+
+// AddGas makes gas available for execution.
+func (gp *GasPool) AddGas(amount uint64) *GasPool {
+	if uint64(*gp) > math.MaxUint64-amount {
+		panic("gas pool pushed above uint64")
+	}
+	*(*uint64)(gp) += amount
+	return gp
+}
+
+// SubGas deducts the given amount from the pool if enough gas is
+// available and returns an error otherwise.
+func (gp *GasPool) SubGas(amount uint64) error {
+	if uint64(*gp) < amount {
+		return ErrGasLimitReached
+	}
+	*(*uint64)(gp) -= amount
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Gas returns the amount of gas remaining in the pool.
+func (gp *GasPool) Gas() uint64 {
+	return uint64(*gp)
+}
+
+func (gp *GasPool) String() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%d", *gp)
+}

minigeth/core/state_processor.go

@@ -18,11 +18,14 @@ package core
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"math/big"
 
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	/*"fmt"
 	"math/big"
@@ -96,7 +99,7 @@ func (p *StateProcessor) Process(block *types.Block, statedb *state.StateDB, cfg
 	return receipts, allLogs, *usedGas, nil
 }
 
-/*func applyTransaction(msg types.Message, config *params.ChainConfig, bc ChainContext, author *common.Address, gp *GasPool, statedb *state.StateDB, blockNumber *big.Int, blockHash common.Hash, tx *types.Transaction, usedGas *uint64, evm *vm.EVM) (*types.Receipt, error) {
+func applyTransaction(msg types.Message, config *params.ChainConfig, bc ChainContext, author *common.Address, gp *GasPool, statedb *state.StateDB, blockNumber *big.Int, blockHash common.Hash, tx *types.Transaction, usedGas *uint64, evm *vm.EVM) (*types.Receipt, error) {
 	// Create a new context to be used in the EVM environment.
 	txContext := NewEVMTxContext(msg)
 	evm.Reset(txContext, statedb)
@@ -155,4 +158,3 @@ func ApplyTransaction(config *params.ChainConfig, bc ChainContext, author *commo
 	vmenv := vm.NewEVM(blockContext, vm.TxContext{}, statedb, config, cfg)
 	return applyTransaction(msg, config, bc, author, gp, statedb, header.Number, header.Hash(), tx, usedGas, vmenv)
 }
-*/

minigeth/core/state_transition.go

+// Copyright 2014 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package core
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"math"
+	"math/big"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	cmath "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/math"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
+)
+
+var emptyCodeHash = crypto.Keccak256Hash(nil)
+
+/*
+The State Transitioning Model
+
+A state transition is a change made when a transaction is applied to the current world state
+The state transitioning model does all the necessary work to work out a valid new state root.
+
+1) Nonce handling
+2) Pre pay gas
+3) Create a new state object if the recipient is \0*32
+4) Value transfer
+== If contract creation ==
+  4a) Attempt to run transaction data
+  4b) If valid, use result as code for the new state object
+== end ==
+5) Run Script section
+6) Derive new state root
+*/
+type StateTransition struct {
+	gp         *GasPool
+	msg        Message
+	gas        uint64
+	gasPrice   *big.Int
+	gasFeeCap  *big.Int
+	gasTipCap  *big.Int
+	initialGas uint64
+	value      *big.Int
+	data       []byte
+	state      vm.StateDB
+	evm        *vm.EVM
+}
+
+// Message represents a message sent to a contract.
+type Message interface {
+	From() common.Address
+	To() *common.Address
+
+	GasPrice() *big.Int
+	GasFeeCap() *big.Int
+	GasTipCap() *big.Int
+	Gas() uint64
+	Value() *big.Int
+
+	Nonce() uint64
+	IsFake() bool
+	Data() []byte
+	AccessList() types.AccessList
+}
+
+// ExecutionResult includes all output after executing given evm
+// message no matter the execution itself is successful or not.
+type ExecutionResult struct {
+	UsedGas    uint64 // Total used gas but include the refunded gas
+	Err        error  // Any error encountered during the execution(listed in core/vm/errors.go)
+	ReturnData []byte // Returned data from evm(function result or data supplied with revert opcode)
+}
+
+// Unwrap returns the internal evm error which allows us for further
+// analysis outside.
+func (result *ExecutionResult) Unwrap() error {
+	return result.Err
+}
+
+// Failed returns the indicator whether the execution is successful or not
+func (result *ExecutionResult) Failed() bool { return result.Err != nil }
+
+// Return is a helper function to help caller distinguish between revert reason
+// and function return. Return returns the data after execution if no error occurs.
+func (result *ExecutionResult) Return() []byte {
+	if result.Err != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return common.CopyBytes(result.ReturnData)
+}
+
+// Revert returns the concrete revert reason if the execution is aborted by `REVERT`
+// opcode. Note the reason can be nil if no data supplied with revert opcode.
+func (result *ExecutionResult) Revert() []byte {
+	if result.Err != vm.ErrExecutionReverted {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return common.CopyBytes(result.ReturnData)
+}
+
+// IntrinsicGas computes the 'intrinsic gas' for a message with the given data.
+func IntrinsicGas(data []byte, accessList types.AccessList, isContractCreation bool, isHomestead, isEIP2028 bool) (uint64, error) {
+	// Set the starting gas for the raw transaction
+	var gas uint64
+	if isContractCreation && isHomestead {
+		gas = params.TxGasContractCreation
+	} else {
+		gas = params.TxGas
+	}
+	// Bump the required gas by the amount of transactional data
+	if len(data) > 0 {
+		// Zero and non-zero bytes are priced differently
+		var nz uint64
+		for _, byt := range data {
+			if byt != 0 {
+				nz++
+			}
+		}
+		// Make sure we don't exceed uint64 for all data combinations
+		nonZeroGas := params.TxDataNonZeroGasFrontier
+		if isEIP2028 {
+			nonZeroGas = params.TxDataNonZeroGasEIP2028
+		}
+		if (math.MaxUint64-gas)/nonZeroGas < nz {
+			return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
+		}
+		gas += nz * nonZeroGas
+
+		z := uint64(len(data)) - nz
+		if (math.MaxUint64-gas)/params.TxDataZeroGas < z {
+			return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
+		}
+		gas += z * params.TxDataZeroGas
+	}
+	if accessList != nil {
+		gas += uint64(len(accessList)) * params.TxAccessListAddressGas
+		gas += uint64(accessList.StorageKeys()) * params.TxAccessListStorageKeyGas
+	}
+	return gas, nil
+}
+
+// NewStateTransition initialises and returns a new state transition object.
+func NewStateTransition(evm *vm.EVM, msg Message, gp *GasPool) *StateTransition {
+	return &StateTransition{
+		gp:        gp,
+		evm:       evm,
+		msg:       msg,
+		gasPrice:  msg.GasPrice(),
+		gasFeeCap: msg.GasFeeCap(),
+		gasTipCap: msg.GasTipCap(),
+		value:     msg.Value(),
+		data:      msg.Data(),
+		state:     evm.StateDB,
+	}
+}
+
+// ApplyMessage computes the new state by applying the given message
+// against the old state within the environment.
+//
+// ApplyMessage returns the bytes returned by any EVM execution (if it took place),
+// the gas used (which includes gas refunds) and an error if it failed. An error always
+// indicates a core error meaning that the message would always fail for that particular
+// state and would never be accepted within a block.
+func ApplyMessage(evm *vm.EVM, msg Message, gp *GasPool) (*ExecutionResult, error) {
+	return NewStateTransition(evm, msg, gp).TransitionDb()
+}
+
+// to returns the recipient of the message.
+func (st *StateTransition) to() common.Address {
+	if st.msg == nil || st.msg.To() == nil /* contract creation */ {
+		return common.Address{}
+	}
+	return *st.msg.To()
+}
+
+func (st *StateTransition) buyGas() error {
+	mgval := new(big.Int).SetUint64(st.msg.Gas())
+	mgval = mgval.Mul(mgval, st.gasPrice)
+	balanceCheck := mgval
+	if st.gasFeeCap != nil {
+		balanceCheck = new(big.Int).SetUint64(st.msg.Gas())
+		balanceCheck = balanceCheck.Mul(balanceCheck, st.gasFeeCap)
+		balanceCheck.Add(balanceCheck, st.value)
+	}
+	if have, want := st.state.GetBalance(st.msg.From()), balanceCheck; have.Cmp(want) < 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: address %v have %v want %v", ErrInsufficientFunds, st.msg.From().Hex(), have, want)
+	}
+	if err := st.gp.SubGas(st.msg.Gas()); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	st.gas += st.msg.Gas()
+
+	st.initialGas = st.msg.Gas()
+	st.state.SubBalance(st.msg.From(), mgval)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (st *StateTransition) preCheck() error {
+	// Only check transactions that are not fake
+	if !st.msg.IsFake() {
+		// Make sure this transaction's nonce is correct.
+		stNonce := st.state.GetNonce(st.msg.From())
+		if msgNonce := st.msg.Nonce(); stNonce < msgNonce {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: address %v, tx: %d state: %d", ErrNonceTooHigh,
+				st.msg.From().Hex(), msgNonce, stNonce)
+		} else if stNonce > msgNonce {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: address %v, tx: %d state: %d", ErrNonceTooLow,
+				st.msg.From().Hex(), msgNonce, stNonce)
+		}
+		// Make sure the sender is an EOA
+		if codeHash := st.state.GetCodeHash(st.msg.From()); codeHash != emptyCodeHash && codeHash != (common.Hash{}) {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: address %v, codehash: %s", ErrSenderNoEOA,
+				st.msg.From().Hex(), codeHash)
+		}
+	}
+	// Make sure that transaction gasFeeCap is greater than the baseFee (post london)
+	if st.evm.ChainConfig().IsLondon(st.evm.Context.BlockNumber) {
+		// Skip the checks if gas fields are zero and baseFee was explicitly disabled (eth_call)
+		if !st.evm.Config.NoBaseFee || st.gasFeeCap.BitLen() > 0 || st.gasTipCap.BitLen() > 0 {
+			if l := st.gasFeeCap.BitLen(); l > 256 {
+				return fmt.Errorf("%w: address %v, maxFeePerGas bit length: %d", ErrFeeCapVeryHigh,
+					st.msg.From().Hex(), l)
+			}
+			if l := st.gasTipCap.BitLen(); l > 256 {
+				return fmt.Errorf("%w: address %v, maxPriorityFeePerGas bit length: %d", ErrTipVeryHigh,
+					st.msg.From().Hex(), l)
+			}
+			if st.gasFeeCap.Cmp(st.gasTipCap) < 0 {
+				return fmt.Errorf("%w: address %v, maxPriorityFeePerGas: %s, maxFeePerGas: %s", ErrTipAboveFeeCap,
+					st.msg.From().Hex(), st.gasTipCap, st.gasFeeCap)
+			}
+			// This will panic if baseFee is nil, but basefee presence is verified
+			// as part of header validation.
+			if st.gasFeeCap.Cmp(st.evm.Context.BaseFee) < 0 {
+				return fmt.Errorf("%w: address %v, maxFeePerGas: %s baseFee: %s", ErrFeeCapTooLow,
+					st.msg.From().Hex(), st.gasFeeCap, st.evm.Context.BaseFee)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return st.buyGas()
+}
+
+// TransitionDb will transition the state by applying the current message and
+// returning the evm execution result with following fields.
+//
+// - used gas:
+//      total gas used (including gas being refunded)
+// - returndata:
+//      the returned data from evm
+// - concrete execution error:
+//      various **EVM** error which aborts the execution,
+//      e.g. ErrOutOfGas, ErrExecutionReverted
+//
+// However if any consensus issue encountered, return the error directly with
+// nil evm execution result.
+func (st *StateTransition) TransitionDb() (*ExecutionResult, error) {
+	// First check this message satisfies all consensus rules before
+	// applying the message. The rules include these clauses
+	//
+	// 1. the nonce of the message caller is correct
+	// 2. caller has enough balance to cover transaction fee(gaslimit * gasprice)
+	// 3. the amount of gas required is available in the block
+	// 4. the purchased gas is enough to cover intrinsic usage
+	// 5. there is no overflow when calculating intrinsic gas
+	// 6. caller has enough balance to cover asset transfer for **topmost** call
+
+	// Check clauses 1-3, buy gas if everything is correct
+	if err := st.preCheck(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	msg := st.msg
+	sender := vm.AccountRef(msg.From())
+	homestead := st.evm.ChainConfig().IsHomestead(st.evm.Context.BlockNumber)
+	istanbul := st.evm.ChainConfig().IsIstanbul(st.evm.Context.BlockNumber)
+	london := st.evm.ChainConfig().IsLondon(st.evm.Context.BlockNumber)
+	contractCreation := msg.To() == nil
+
+	// Check clauses 4-5, subtract intrinsic gas if everything is correct
+	gas, err := IntrinsicGas(st.data, st.msg.AccessList(), contractCreation, homestead, istanbul)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if st.gas < gas {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: have %d, want %d", ErrIntrinsicGas, st.gas, gas)
+	}
+	st.gas -= gas
+
+	// Check clause 6
+	if msg.Value().Sign() > 0 && !st.evm.Context.CanTransfer(st.state, msg.From(), msg.Value()) {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: address %v", ErrInsufficientFundsForTransfer, msg.From().Hex())
+	}
+
+	// Set up the initial access list.
+	if rules := st.evm.ChainConfig().Rules(st.evm.Context.BlockNumber); rules.IsBerlin {
+		st.state.PrepareAccessList(msg.From(), msg.To(), vm.ActivePrecompiles(rules), msg.AccessList())
+	}
+	var (
+		ret   []byte
+		vmerr error // vm errors do not effect consensus and are therefore not assigned to err
+	)
+	if contractCreation {
+		ret, _, st.gas, vmerr = st.evm.Create(sender, st.data, st.gas, st.value)
+	} else {
+		// Increment the nonce for the next transaction
+		st.state.SetNonce(msg.From(), st.state.GetNonce(sender.Address())+1)
+		ret, st.gas, vmerr = st.evm.Call(sender, st.to(), st.data, st.gas, st.value)
+	}
+
+	if !london {
+		// Before EIP-3529: refunds were capped to gasUsed / 2
+		st.refundGas(params.RefundQuotient)
+	} else {
+		// After EIP-3529: refunds are capped to gasUsed / 5
+		st.refundGas(params.RefundQuotientEIP3529)
+	}
+	effectiveTip := st.gasPrice
+	if london {
+		effectiveTip = cmath.BigMin(st.gasTipCap, new(big.Int).Sub(st.gasFeeCap, st.evm.Context.BaseFee))
+	}
+	st.state.AddBalance(st.evm.Context.Coinbase, new(big.Int).Mul(new(big.Int).SetUint64(st.gasUsed()), effectiveTip))
+
+	return &ExecutionResult{
+		UsedGas:    st.gasUsed(),
+		Err:        vmerr,
+		ReturnData: ret,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (st *StateTransition) refundGas(refundQuotient uint64) {
+	// Apply refund counter, capped to a refund quotient
+	refund := st.gasUsed() / refundQuotient
+	if refund > st.state.GetRefund() {
+		refund = st.state.GetRefund()
+	}
+	st.gas += refund
+
+	// Return ETH for remaining gas, exchanged at the original rate.
+	remaining := new(big.Int).Mul(new(big.Int).SetUint64(st.gas), st.gasPrice)
+	st.state.AddBalance(st.msg.From(), remaining)
+
+	// Also return remaining gas to the block gas counter so it is
+	// available for the next transaction.
+	st.gp.AddGas(st.gas)
+}
+
+// gasUsed returns the amount of gas used up by the state transition.
+func (st *StateTransition) gasUsed() uint64 {
+	return st.initialGas - st.gas
+}

minigeth/core/vm/interpreter.go

@@ -18,13 +18,34 @@ package vm
 
 import (
 	"hash"
+	"math/big"
 	"sync/atomic"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/math"
 	//"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 )
 
+// **** stub Tracer ****
+type Tracer struct{}
+
+// CaptureStart implements the Tracer interface to initialize the tracing operation.
+func (jst *Tracer) CaptureStart(env *EVM, from common.Address, to common.Address, create bool, input []byte, gas uint64, value *big.Int) {
+}
+
+// CaptureState implements the Tracer interface to trace a single step of VM execution.
+func (jst *Tracer) CaptureState(env *EVM, pc uint64, op OpCode, gas, cost uint64, scope *ScopeContext, rData []byte, depth int, err error) {
+}
+
+// CaptureFault implements the Tracer interface to trace an execution fault
+func (jst *Tracer) CaptureFault(env *EVM, pc uint64, op OpCode, gas, cost uint64, scope *ScopeContext, depth int, err error) {
+}
+
+// CaptureEnd is called after the call finishes to finalize the tracing.
+func (jst *Tracer) CaptureEnd(output []byte, gasUsed uint64, t time.Duration, err error) {
+}
+
 // Config are the configuration options for the Interpreter
 type Config struct {
 	Debug                   bool   // Enables debugging